On May 3, 2026, the cryptocurrency industry reached a critical turning point in three dimensions: protocol security, governance decisions, and performance scalability. According to multiple market updates on that day, Alex Thorn, research director at Galaxy Digital, pointed out in a post after discussions with developers and quantum computing researchers in Las Vegas that, in the face of potential threats from quantum computing, a preliminary consensus has formed in the industry not to touch the early P2PK address assets held by Satoshi Nakamoto, in order to maintain the core principle that Bitcoin's "property rights are inviolable." Thorn emphasized that although the approximately 1.1 million BTC held by Satoshi Nakamoto are distributed across about 22,000 addresses and the current probability of quantum threats is extremely low, it has become a necessary step to proactively prepare for anti-quantum cryptography solutions and to have them as backup options at the protocol level to prevent long-term systemic risks.

At the same time, advancements in on-chain governance and underlying scalability also reflect the industry's deep thinking about risk management and performance boundaries. On the same day, the dYdX Foundation's proposal to delist the four perpetual trading pairs: AKT-USD, GNO-USD, MNRY-USD, and MOG-USD was passed with an overwhelming 90.96% approval rate, and a 46.86% voting turnout showed high participation from validators in adjusting risk exposure. In the Ethereum ecosystem, the foundation disclosed that a consensus has been reached on a 2 billion Gas Limit floor for the Glamsterdam upgrade, and the ePBS external Builder process has been successfully tested on glamsterdam-devnet-2. From philosophical discussions on the security of Bitcoin addresses to the clearing of market risks at dYdX and the throughput challenges of the Ethereum mainnet, this series of signals outlines how the industry is proactively laying out and preventing systemic long-term risks through protocol fortification, governance optimization, and performance scalability.

Satoshi Nakamoto's 1.1 Million BTC under the Quantum Shadow

In discussions on defense against quantum threats, how to handle the massive Bitcoin holdings of Satoshi Nakamoto has evolved from a purely technical issue to a philosophical discourse on the boundaries of blockchain governance. According to research cited by AiCoin, assets held by Satoshi Nakamoto are not stored in a single "super vault," but are highly distributed across approximately 22,000 early addresses, totaling about 1.1 million BTC. Community researchers on social media further pointed out that most of these addresses are P2PK (Pay to Public Key) addresses containing 50 BTC each. This highly dispersed on-chain distribution structure means that even if quantum computing achieves a technological breakthrough, it would be challenging to instantly paralyze these assets through a single point of failure, yet the potential shadow of sell pressure remains a focal point of market concern.

However, developers and researchers within the industry have gradually reached a key consensus: these early addresses should not be proactively moved or forcibly intervened with to evade quantum risks. The core logic of this stance is to defend the core principle that Bitcoin's "property rights are inviolable." If these long-inactive original addresses were "frozen" or "migrated" through forced upgrades or hard forks at the protocol level, it would undermine the foundation of Bitcoin as a decentralized value storage. Compared to the narrative-colored long-term threat from Satoshi's addresses, Alex Thorn believes that the more certain risks lie in centralized custodial entities such as exchanges. These institutions hold a large volume of centralized assets, have the technical capability and motivation to upgrade to anti-quantum addresses, and through defensive migrations on the institutional side, can mitigate a significant portion of on-chain systemic risks.

Despite heated discussions on social platforms about quantum computing "nullifying" Bitcoin, the specific threat level and timeline for implementation still remain highly uncertain according to current on-chain facts. The industry generally supports proactively preparing anti-quantum cryptography solutions, such as signature compression technology and protocol-level alternatives, without triggering panic selling or hastily making protocol changes in the absence of clear evidence. For these 1.1 million BTC, maintaining silence may be the best reinforcement for the credibility of the Bitcoin system, while tracking the movements of these early P2PK addresses will remain an important window for observing the interplay between quantum threats and market sentiment.

Backup Plans or Consensus In-fighting: The Anti-Quantum Upgrade Debate

On how to respond to the long-term threat of quantum computing, the Bitcoin community has initially reached a consensus of "preventive measures": supporting the development and testing of anti-quantum cryptography (PQC) solutions in the background. According to Alex Thorn, the current mainstream view within the industry leans towards reserving this series of technologies as a "toolbox." The specific work directions encompass the development of new signature schemes, optimization of signature compression technology, and reserving modification paths at the protocol level. Thorn emphasizes that even if these solutions are not deployed in the short term, the research process itself holds great defensive value, ensuring that the Bitcoin network has mature replacement options when the threat becomes imminent.

However, there is a delicate balance between technological reserves and practical implementation. Thorn warns that excessive and blind promotion of unvalidated anti-quantum upgrades could backfire on the Bitcoin ecosystem. On one hand, introducing complex new cryptographic features would significantly increase the complexity of the protocol, heightening the risk of systemic vulnerabilities; on the other hand, it would divert the extremely limited resources of core developers and could trigger long-term consensus deadlocks within the community on the choice of upgrade paths. For a value network that relies on stability as its lifeline, the certain risk brought about by internal consumption may prove far more fatal than the extremely low probability of quantum computing threats.

Therefore, the current strategy leans towards a "non-invasive" evolution. Thorn's judgement reflects the position of most researchers: even if the probability of quantum computing threatening Bitcoin is extremely low, it is still meaningful to engage in discussions, technological preparation, and testing in advance, but the pace of implementation must be extremely cautious. Community comments also point out that the Post-Quantum solutions should be advanced in the background without hindering current consensus and preserved as options for possible future upgrades. This approach of treating anti-quantum solutions as "backup plans" rather than "mandatory upgrades" aims to avoid creating new systemic risks, ensuring that Bitcoin remains robust and straightforward while combating future uncertainties.

dYdX High Votes to Delist Four Contract Markets

According to data from AiCoin, on May 3, 2026, the dYdX community completed a critical market matrix adjustment through a governance vote. This proposal, initiated by the dYdX Foundation, focused on delisting the four perpetual trading pairs: AKT-USD, GNO-USD, MNRY-USD, and MOG-USD. According to on-chain governance records, this vote showed a high level of participation and consensus concentration: out of 31 active validators, 16 participated in the voting, with 124 independent accounts casting their votes, resulting in an overall voting rate of 46.86%. The final result showed that the proposal was passed with an overwhelming 90.96% approval, and the proportion of opposing votes was 0%, with another 9.04% opting to abstain. This high percentage of approval reflects a high degree of agreement among validators and core community accounts in optimizing protocol market structures and clearing specific asset positions.

Although the voting has settled with a high consensus, it is noteworthy that the dYdX Foundation did not disclose specific reasons for delisting these four contract markets in its public governance materials. From the perspectives of on-chain logic and market risk management, such decisions might involve the liquidity performance of the underlying assets, the stability of oracle pricing, or the overall risk exposure optimization of the protocol; however, in the absence of official conclusions, these motivations can currently only serve as market speculation. With the formal passage of the proposal, the dYdX market matrix will enter a substantive reduction phase. Future observation points include whether dYdX will release supplementary announcements explaining its delisting logic, and whether the protocol will introduce alternative markets through new governance proposals, thus conducting a new round of asset liquidity adjustments in the overall product structure. This governance action also indirectly confirms the continued tightening of market risk control and asset quality requirements as DeFi protocols enter maturity.

Ethereum's Glamsterdam Acceleration and 2 Billion Gas Test

On May 3, 2026, the Ethereum Foundation officially released the Soldøgn Interop work summary, announcing that the key objectives of the Glamsterdam upgrade have been largely completed. The report pointed out that key participants have reached a consensus on a lower limit of 2 billion Gas for the upgrade, marking a phased progress in enhancing the Gas Limit and expanding throughput capacity on the Ethereum mainnet. According to technical details noted by AiCoin, this upgrade is not just a simple parameter adjustment but is based on systematic expansion established on client stability and state management optimization. Currently, most execution layer and consensus layer clients are running stably on glamsterdam-devnet-2, and have successfully passed complete tests of the ePBS (external Builder process), ensuring the stability of block construction and dissemination under higher loads.

In order to balance expansion with the long-term health of the ledger, the Glamsterdam upgrade introduced the EIP-8037 proposal. The core logic of this proposal is to prevent uncontrollable indefinite expansion of the Ethereum state under the 2 billion Gas Limit environment by raising the cost of state creation. This mechanism design reflects developers' trade-offs between improving network performance and suppressing state explosion, aiming to ensure that the hardware threshold for validator nodes does not spike dramatically due to the doubling of the Gas Limit. Additionally, this Soldøgn Interop summary has also disclosed substantial progress on FOCIL, native account abstraction, and Hegotá upgrade-related functionalities, showcasing Ethereum's multidimensional evolution at the protocol level.

Following the established path, in the coming weeks, core developers will continue to advance client fortification, refinement of test cases, and the final code merge work. The final specific parameters of the Glamsterdam upgrade, including adjustments to Gas pricing and activation heights, still need to be publicly confirmed in future AllCoreDevs meetings. This series of upgrades to on-chain infrastructure is not only aimed at addressing the increasingly complex interaction demands of current DeFi protocols but also reserves sufficient performance redundancy for future high-concurrency on-chain application scenarios. While the Bitcoin community delves into quantum threats and address security, Ethereum continues to test the physical boundaries of public chain performance through this gradual parameter adjustment.

Three Knocks on the Door on the Same Day: Security, Risk Control, and Scalability

Around May 3, 2026, three sets of signals from the cryptocurrency industry collectively formed a concentrated examination of underlying rules and long-term risks. From Alex Thorn's in-depth analysis of Bitcoin's quantum threats, to the dYdX community overwhelmingly approving the governance vote to delist four contract markets, to Ethereum's breakthrough in consensus on the 2 billion Gas Limit for the Glamsterdam upgrade, the high temporal overlap of these events reflects the multidimensional evolution of mainstream protocols in terms of security boundaries, governance risk control, and performance scalability. According to data from AiCoin and various public materials, these three incidents were driven by researchers, validators, and core developers, all pointing towards a pursuit of certainty at the protocol level, rather than short-term price fluctuation gaming.

This concentrated signal release indicates that the industry is entering a deep consensus period of "first making contingency plans, then launching on the mainnet." The Bitcoin community is now cautiously exploring the technical preparation for anti-quantum BIP proposals without undermining the principle of "property rights are inviolable"; Ethereum is controlling state inflation risks while enhancing throughput through mechanisms like EIP-8037; and dYdX's governance practices demonstrate how DeFi protocols actively strip potential risk assets through consensus. Future market attention should focus on the final parameters of the Glamsterdam upgrade anchored in the Ethereum AllCoreDevs meetings and whether the Bitcoin community will reach preliminary consensus on specific anti-quantum signature compression schemes. These subtle adjustments in technological trajectories and governance rules will impact the long-term robustness of the on-chain ecosystem more profoundly than mere capital flow.

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